Our Clarke
Clarke County community. Named in the Clarke Courier's 1925 teacher list as having a Millwood Colored school with a principal and two assistants, and in the People's Journal's 1927 League committee as having its own representative.
The Burwell Mill at Millwood, in a Historic American Buildings Survey photograph.
What this image does and does not showAn undated survey photograph of one building in Millwood. The Library of Congress names no photographer and no date for it, only that the survey documentation was compiled after 1933. It shows the mill and the road beside it, not the rest of the community, its school or its people.
Historic American Buildings Survey, HABS VA-354. Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, HABS VA,22-MILWO,1-& 2-. Rights Changes: The black film border and the number 329 written in it were cut away, keeping only the photograph inside the border: the rectangle from x 53 to 986 and y 48 to 595 of the Library's 1,024 by 643 pixel reference image, kept at those 933 by 547 pixels, not scaled, and re-encoded as JPEG. Nothing retouched or added.
Source: Burwell Mill, State Route 723, Millwood, Clarke County, VA Open the full image
Churches, a fraternal hall, schools and trades, seen mostly through the county paper of the early 1920s.
In the early 1920s the Clarke Courier printed Millwood's news under its own heading1. Its list of teacher appointments printed July 9, 1925 named a Black school at Millwood, one of seven on that list2, and a 2000 National Register nomination for that school traces a school in the village back to Reconstruction3.
In March 1921 the county Electoral Board named R. H. Ritter registrar for Millwood4. Christ Church, Millwood, is where the Courier reported weddings in August 1921 and June 192256, and where, it reported in May 1923, services were held for Thomas Hugh Burwell of “Fairview” before his burial at the Old Chapel7. The Millwood Methodist Church held the services for George C. Neville, who died in January 19228, and that May the Order of Fraternal Americans held a Mother's Day service in its hall, led by its chaplain, the Rev. J. D. Russell1.
The paper wrote of some homes as at Millwood and of others as near it. It placed “The Moorings” and “Athlone” at Millwood910, and “Clay Hill,” “Fairview” and “Red Gate” near it9711.
The 2000 National Register nomination for the Millwood Colored School describes a frame schoolhouse built around 1910 to serve the local African-American community, one it calls relatively unaltered12. By its account, that building went up beside and in front of an earlier, Reconstruction-era school that was demolished in the 1930s, and Millwood had a school established by a member of the village's Black community by 1869, a date the nomination elsewhere gives as possible rather than certain3.
The Courier's list of teacher appointments for the 1925-26 session named J. P. Rier principal of the Millwood colored school, followed by Louise Bannister and Clarissa Layton13. That October the paper named Rier for Millwood in its schedule of public health pictures for the colored schools14, and in August 1927 the Clarke County School League's committee listed a representative for Millwood15.
The same 1925 list gave a Millwood school apart from the colored school, with Miss Gladys Jenkins as one of its two teachers16. In 1921 a letter from Millwood told the Courier that Miss Elizabeth Houghton had charge of the higher grades of the Millwood school, as she had for two years17.
Joseph C. Jones, born at Millwood and a son of the Rev. Joseph R. Jones, for years rector of Cunningham Parish, had at one time kept a drug store there; the Courier printed a tribute to him after his death in January 192118. In the fall of 1922 the paper carried B. O'F. Randolph's notice of a public sale of registered cattle and hogs at “The Moorings,”9 and in December 1923 it called P. C. Randolph of Millwood one of the county's most successful poultrymen, reporting his experiments with Wyandottes against White Leghorns19.
Judge William M. Struder of Millwood, for years a justice of the peace of Chapel District, married in February 1922. An entry in the abstract of the county marriage register, proposed as a match to that wedding, gives the groom's age as 75 and occupation as apiarist20.
The photograph at the top of this page is the Historic American Buildings Survey's undated picture of the Burwell Mill beside its road. Nearly a century after the Courier's Millwood columns, Project HOPE's federal return for 2020 listed the Carter Hall estate and multiple historical buildings in Millwood among the landmarks donated to it, and said the foundation had its headquarters on that land and also used the property as a conference center21.
The nomination's account of the schoolhouse, alongside the Courier's 1925 appointments for a school of the same name.
Millwood's is one of the seven Black schools on the Courier's 1925 list; this story follows the county league of Black schools that grew from $28 to $1,265.95 in eleven months.
Two Confederate memoirs place Colonel John S. Mosby's final negotiation with Federal officers, in April 1865, in a room at Millwood -- decades before this page's Courier-era columns begin.
Old Chapel's own 1906 cemetery record names people, among them Oliver Bliss, an instructor in the Millwood neighborhood, and John O'Connor, who died at Millwood in 1832 -- a different Millwood-area record than this page's Courier columns.
A killing reported on the turnpike between Millwood and Berryville in September 1869, followed by reports of an indictment and an unsuccessful arrest attempt.
The estate Project HOPE's 2020 return places in Millwood, with the county's parcel record for it.
How the county's eastern half was settled in the century before Clarke existed. It names Nathaniel Burwell's Carter Hall among the great houses; the village itself does not appear.
The 2025 letter, which includes the beer the Burwell-Morgan Mill and Chilly Hollow Brewing made with grain ground at the mill.
Entries in the county's marriage records that mention Millwood, as the abstract gives them. A matching name there is not necessarily anyone named on this page.
The Clarke Courier of May 18, 1922, in its Millwood news, reports that Mother's Day special services were held under the auspices of the Order of Fraternal Americans in their hall by their chaplain, Rev. J. D. Russell.
That Rev. J. D. Russell was chaplain of the Order of Fraternal Americans at Millwood in 1922.
Read from uncorrected OCR, not from the page image. The item does not name his church. He is not linked to any other Russell.
Evidence role: supports. The May 18, 1922 Millwood item.
Clarke Courier · 1922-05-18 (publication)
Locator: Page 3, Millwood news items
Relevant passageMother’s Day was observed in the churches here Sunday special services were held under the auspices of the Order of Fraternal Americans ip. [in] their hall by their chaplain, Rev. J. D. Russell
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: clarke-courier. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
AI-assisted source check (Claude Opus 5) · 2026-09-16. How this project checks its sources
The Clarke Courier's teacher assignment list of 9 July 1925 names seven Black schools in Clarke County -- Stone Bridge, Boyce, Millwood, White Post, Josephine, Louisville and Bristol -- with thirteen named teachers between them.
A county-wide list of Black schools operating in the 1925-26 school year, published by the white county paper, which extends the school map the People's Journal rosters of 1912 and 1924 provide and which names Millwood Colored as having a principal and two assistants.
The quoted passage is the tail of a longer county list, so it establishes which Black schools the list names and not that these were all of them. The Courier's 'Bristol colored' and the People's Journal's 'Bristow' are similar but their identity is NOT established here and no entity merges them. The Louisville teacher differs between the two papers -- Pattie Smith in October 1924, Emma E. Alexander in July 1925 -- which may be a change of teacher, a different school year, or incomplete reporting; nothing here decides. No coordinates, buildings, or races of individuals are inferred beyond the source's own 'colored' designations.
Evidence role: supports. The colored-schools portion of the 9 July 1925 teacher assignment list.
Clarke Courier · 1925-07-09 (publication)
Locator: Printed page 1, teacher assignment list, colored schools
Relevant passageStone Bridge colored -- Ella F. Carter. Boyce Colored -- Alma Layton and Matilda Herbert. Millwood Colored -- J. P Rier, Prin., Louise Bannister and Clarissa Layton. White Post Colored -- Estelle Mitchell and Margaretta Richarson. Josephine colored school -- E T. Johnson, Fannie Jenkins, Florine Johnson. Louisville colored -- Emma E. Alexander. Bristol colored -- George W. Carter.
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: clarke-courier. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
AI-assisted source check (Claude Opus 5) · 2026-09-08. How this project checks its sources
The 2000 Millwood Colored School nomination says the school building of about 1910 was put up adjacent to and in front of an earlier Reconstruction-era school which was demolished in the 1930s, and that by 1869 Millwood had a school established by a member of the village's black community.
That a Black school stood at Millwood a generation before the surviving building, founded from within the community itself, and that the two stood together for some years.
The nomination says a school 'may have been established as early as 1869' in one passage and states 1869 in another; the hedge is kept here. No building, site or founder is identified. The register row that led to this record also cited a Smithsonian Freedmen's Bureau record, which returned HTTP 403 on 21 September 2026 and has no Internet Archive snapshot, so it was not read, and the possible identification with a John Holmes free school is not taken up.
Evidence role: supports. The nomination's account of the earlier building and its demolition.
Virginia Department of Historic Resources · 2000 (publication)
Locator: Section 8, statement of significance
Relevant passageThe current Millwood Colored School building was built adjacent to and in front of an earlier Reconstruction-era school, which was demolished in the 1930s.
Checked: Page text reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: dhr-nominations. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
Evidence role: supports. The nomination's statement that Millwood had a school by 1869, founded from within the community.
Virginia Department of Historic Resources · 2000 (publication)
Locator: Section 8, statement of significance
Relevant passageBy 1869, Millwood had a school, one that had been established by a member of the village's black community.
Checked: Page text reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: dhr-nominations. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
AI-assisted source check (Claude Opus 5) · 2026-09-21. How this project checks its sources
The Clarke Courier of March 31, 1921, reporting the appointments of the Clarke County Electoral Board, lists R. H. Ritter as registrar for Millwood.
That R. H. Ritter was registrar for the Millwood precinct in 1921.
Read from uncorrected OCR, not from the page image. The list gives only his initials.
Evidence role: supports. The March 31, 1921 report of the Electoral Board's appointments.
Clarke Courier · 1921-03-31 (publication)
Locator: Page 1, report "Election Judges and Clerks Named"
Relevant passageELECTION’ JUDGES AND CLERKS NAMED ... Goorge K. [George E.] Morgan Appointed Registrar for Berryvllle [Berryville] I*reclnct [Precinct] to Succeed N. F Smith, Resigned. The Clarke County Electoral Board, at a meeting Monday to name tin? [the] election officials for the ensuing year ... Mr. George E.' Morgan was appointed Registrar foe [for] the court house precinct, vice Mr. N. F. ! South [Smith] resigned
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: clarke-courier. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
Evidence role: supports. The March 31, 1921 list of registrars.
Clarke Courier · 1921-03-31 (publication)
Locator: Page 1, report "Election Judges and Clerks Named," list of registrars
Relevant passageRegistrars. White Post—Geo. C. Meade, Lindseys—Earnest Dearmont, Millwood—R. H. Ritter. - Motgan’s [Morgan's] Mill—Jos. W. Lloyd, , Shenandoah—Thoa. Locke, Court House—Geo. E. Morgan. Russells—Page Rutherford, Pierces—Holmes E. McAboy, Corporation of Berryvllle [Berryville]— Geo. E. Morgan.
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: clarke-courier. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
AI-assisted source check (Claude Opus 5) · 2026-09-16. How this project checks its sources
The Clarke Courier of August 25, 1921 reports from Millwood that Miss Lucy Meredith Ginn became the bride of Dr. Verne R. Mason, until recently a resident physician of Johns Hopkins Hospital, at noon on the Wednesday before in Christ Church, and that the couple would live in Los Angeles. Patricia B. Duncan's abstract of the Clarke County marriage register has an entry for the marriage of Verne Rheen Mason, 32, physician, of Los Angeles, on August 17, 1921; that it records this marriage is a proposal resting on the name, date and residence.
That Dr. Verne R. Mason married Lucy Meredith Ginn at Millwood, as reported on August 25, 1921.
Read from uncorrected OCR, not from the page image. The register entry's text for the bride and place is garbled in the OCR and appears run together with another entry, so only the groom's part is quoted. The register entry is cited, not merged.
Evidence role: supports. The August 25, 1921 report of the wedding of Lucy Meredith Ginn and Verne R. Mason.
Clarke Courier · 1921-08-25 (publication)
Locator: Page 1, report "Miss Ginn the Bride of Dr. V. R. Mason"
Relevant passageMillwood. Va., August 22—A wedding tinged with war romance took place at noon last Wednesday in Christ Protestant Episcopal Church here, when Miss Lucy Meredith Ginn, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Joseph n Ginn, formerly of Clarke county, but now of Chester, Pa., became the bride of Dr. Verne R Mason, until recently a resident physician of Johns Hopkins Hospital of Baltimore
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: clarke-courier. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
Evidence role: contextualizes. Duncan's register entry for the marriage of Verne Rheen Mason, August 17, 1921, cited as a second record; the match is a proposal.
Patricia B. Duncan · 2009 (publication)
Locator: Page 104, register entry for the marriage of Verne Rheen Mason
Relevant passageMASON. Verne Rheen s/o O H L & Dora Reno MASON 32y sql. physician b Batavia Iowa res Los Angeles Calif m 17 Aug 1921
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: duncan-clarke-marriages. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
AI-assisted source check (Claude Opus 5) · 2026-09-16. How this project checks its sources
The Clarke Courier of June 15, 1922 reports that Miss Evelyn Turpin was married to Sumner F. Dudley Walters of Montclair, New Jersey, at Christ Church, Millwood, the afternoon before. Patricia B. Duncan's abstract of the Clarke County marriage register has an entry for the marriage of Sumner Francis Dudley Walters, 24, a minister, of Lawrence, Kansas, born in Newark, New Jersey, to Evelyn Nelson Turpin at Millwood on June 14, 1922; that it records this marriage is a proposal resting on the names, date and place.
That Sumner F. Dudley Walters married Evelyn Turpin at Millwood on June 14, 1922.
Read from uncorrected OCR, not from the page image. The Courier gives his home as Montclair, New Jersey (printed "Mountclair"); the register abstract gives his residence as Lawrence, Kansas. Both readings are kept. The register entry is cited, not merged.
Evidence role: supports. The June 15, 1922 report of the wedding of Evelyn Turpin and Sumner F. Dudley Walters.
Clarke Courier · 1922-06-15 (publication)
Locator: Page 1, report "Beautiful Wedding at Christ Church"
Relevant passageBEAUTIFUL WEDDING AT CHRIST CHURCH Miss Evelyn Turpin, Granddaughter of Late Capt. Wm. N. Nelson, is the Bride of Mr. Sumner F. Dudley Walters, of Mountclair, N. J., 'Yesterday •Afternoon.
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: clarke-courier. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
Evidence role: supports. Its account of the ceremony.
Clarke Courier · 1922-06-15 (publication)
Locator: Page 1, report "Beautiful Wedding at Christ Church," continued
Relevant passageand a 'grand daughter of the late Capt. Wm. N'. Nelson, was married to Mr. Sumner F. Dudley Walters, of Mountclair, N. J. The ceremony was performed by Rev. Charles Lee, of Macon, Ga.. assisted by Rev. B. D. Chambers, rector of Christ Church.
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: clarke-courier. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
Evidence role: contextualizes. Duncan's register entry for the marriage of Sumner Francis Dudley Walters and Evelyn Nelson Turpin, June 14, 1922, cited as a second record; the match is a proposal.
Patricia B. Duncan · 2009 (publication)
Locator: Page 168, register entry for the marriage of Sumner Francis Dudley Walters and Evelyn Nelson Turpin
Relevant passageWALTERS, Sumner Francis Dudley: s/o Chas F. & Mary A. WALTERS: 24y; sgl; minister; b Newark N. J.: res. Lawrence Kansas; m. 14 Jun 1922 at Millwood to TURPIN. Evelyn Nelson d/o Wm. C. & Evelyn Nelson TURPIN 23y. sg: 0. Macon, Georgia, res Millwood;
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: duncan-clarke-marriages. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
AI-assisted source check (Claude Opus 5) · 2026-09-16. How this project checks its sources
The Clarke Courier of May 31, 1923 reports that Thomas Hugh Burwell, of the old Virginia family of that name and one of its best-known members in Clarke County, died on a Thursday evening at his home, "Fairview," near Millwood, after an illness. It says his wife, formerly Miss Virginia Sharpe of Wilmington, Delaware, died some years before, names his daughters Mrs. E. B. Jacobs of Boyce and Mrs. Lewis Meade of "The Vineyard," and his sisters Mrs. Archibald Randolph and Miss Mary Willing Burwell, and says he was buried at the Old Chapel after services at Christ Church, Millwood.
That Thomas Hugh Burwell of "Fairview" died, as reported on May 31, 1923, and was buried at the Old Chapel.
Read from uncorrected OCR, not from the page image. The OCR garbles the hour of death. The item dates the death only as "Thursday evening" and gives no age; it names his parents with the surname "Page," which may be an error. Of his relatives, Mrs. E. B. Jacobs, Mrs. Lewis Meade and Mary Willing Burwell have records here, each linked by proposal.
Evidence role: supports. The May 31, 1923 obituary of Thomas Hugh Burwell.
Clarke Courier · 1923-05-31 (publication)
Locator: Page 3, obituary of Thomas Hugh Burwell
Relevant passageThomas Hugh Burwell, member of the old and distinguished Virginia family of that name, died at S o'clock on Thursday evening at his home "Fairvlew” [Fairview], near Millwood, Clarke county, after an lllsess [illness] of some time. ... He is survived by two daughters, Mrs E. B. Jacobs of Boyce, and Mrs. Lewis Meade, of "The Vineyard”, Clarke county. He was a brother of Mrs. Archibald Randolph and MIbs [Miss] Mary Willing Burwell, both of Clarke countyt
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: clarke-courier. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
Evidence role: supports. Its account of the funeral.
Clarke Courier · 1923-05-31 (publication)
Locator: Page 3, obituary of Thomas Hugh Burwell, funeral
Relevant passageFuneral services were held at 3 o'clork on Sunday afternoon in Christ Protestant Eplsdopal [Episcopal] Churhh [Church] at Mill, wood ... and interment was In the family burial lot in the cemetery at Old Chapel.
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: clarke-courier. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
AI-assisted source check (Claude Opus 5) · 2026-09-16. How this project checks its sources
The Clarke Courier of February 2, 1922 reports from Millwood that George C. Neville, aged 62, a son of the late A. V. Neville of Millwood, died on Wednesday morning, January 25, at the Springfield State Hospital, Sykesville, Maryland, where he had been a patient for two years, and was buried in the family plot at the Old Chapel after services at the Millwood Methodist Church.
That George C. Neville of Millwood died on January 25, 1922, aged 62.
Read from uncorrected OCR, not from the page image. The headline prints "Geo. O. Neville." He is not linked to Frank B. Neville or any other Neville.
Evidence role: supports. The February 2, 1922 item.
Clarke Courier · 1922-02-02 (publication)
Locator: Page 4, item "Geo. C. Neville, of Millwood, Is Dead"
Relevant passageMillwood, Feb. 1—Mr. George C Neville, aged 62 years, a son of the late A. V. Neville, of Millwood, died last Wednesday morning, Jan. 25 at the Springfield State Hospital. Svkesville [Sykesville], Md„ where he had been a patient for the past two years. ... after funer. !11 [al] services from the Millwood Methodist Church Friday ... interment was made in the family plot at the Old Chapel
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: clarke-courier. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
AI-assisted source check (Claude Opus 5) · 2026-09-16. How this project checks its sources
The Clarke Courier of September 28, 1922 prints the notice of B. O'F. Randolph's public sale of registered cattle and hogs at "The Moorings," Millwood, with F. B. Neville as auctioneer, and its issue of October 12, 1922 prints the notice of a public sale at "Clay Hill" near Millwood, also with F. B. Neville as auctioneer. Its issue of November 16, 1922 reports that Auctioneer Frank B. Neville would hold a community public sale at Boyce.
That Frank B. Neville was an auctioneer of public sales in Clarke County in 1922.
Read from uncorrected OCR, not from the page image. The sale notices print only "F. B. Neville"; reading them as Frank B. Neville rests on the matching initials, surname and trade. The items do not say where he lived.
Evidence role: supports. The September 28, 1922 sale notice.
Clarke Courier · 1922-09-28 (publication)
Locator: Page 2, notice of B. O'F. Randolph's public sale
Relevant passagePUBLIC SALE —OF— , REGISTERED SHORTHORN CATTliE [CATTLE] AND REGISTERED POLAND CHINA HOGS. Intending to discontinue farming I will sell at public auction at "The Moorings," at Millwood ... B. O'F. RANDOLPH. ■ Auctioneer, F. B. Neville. Clerk, E. A. Lindsey.
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: clarke-courier. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
Evidence role: supports. The October 12, 1922 sale notice.
Clarke Courier · 1922-10-12 (publication)
Locator: Page 2, notice of a public sale at "Clay Hill"
Relevant passagePUBLIC SALE I will sell el [at] puhlic [public] auction without reserve to the highest bidder on my farm, “Clay Hill,” 2 miles northeast of Millwood and 4 miles south of Berryville ... F. B. Neville, Auctioneer. W. A, Bradford, Clerk.
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: clarke-courier. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
Evidence role: supports. The November 16, 1922 item.
Clarke Courier · 1922-11-16 (publication)
Locator: Page 4, item on community public sales
Relevant passageAuctioneer Frank B. Neville will hold a Community Public Bale [Sale] at Boyce next Saturday.
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: clarke-courier. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
AI-assisted source check (Claude Opus 5) · 2026-09-16. How this project checks its sources
The Clarke Courier of September 20, 1923, in the obituary of Mrs. Mary Carter Shreve O'Fallon of "Red Gate," names Mrs. Wm. F. Randolph of "Athlone," Millwood, first among her three stepchildren.
That Mrs. Wm. F. Randolph of "Athlone" was named in 1923 as a stepdaughter of Mary Carter Shreve O'Fallon.
Read from uncorrected OCR, not from the page image. She is known here only from this obituary, which gives her only by her husband's name. Mrs. O'Fallon has no record here, so no kinship record is made.
Evidence role: supports. The September 20, 1923 obituary of Mrs. Mary Carter Shreve O'Fallon.
Clarke Courier · 1923-09-20 (publication)
Locator: Page 4, obituary "Mrs. O'Fallon Dies at Her Home, Red Gate"
Relevant passageMrs. Mary Carter Shreve O'Fallon, widow of the late Benjamin O'Fallon, died at “Red Oate” [Red Gate], her home near Millwood on Thursday, September ISth. ... She is also survived hy the follow ling children: .Mrs. C. Hunt Turn jer of St. Louis, Miss Ethel Carter O'Fallon, of Millwood. Mr. Howard ! L O'Fallon, Mrs. Jas. H. Nolan, of Berryville, and three step children. ’ Mrs. Wm. F. Randolph, of "Athlone" 'Millwood
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: clarke-courier. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
AI-assisted source check (Claude Opus 5) · 2026-09-16. How this project checks its sources
The Clarke Courier of September 20, 1923 reports the death of Mrs. Mary Carter Shreve O'Fallon, widow of Benjamin O'Fallon, at "Red Gate," her home near Millwood, and names Miss Ethel Carter O'Fallon of Millwood among her children.
That Ethel Carter O'Fallon of Millwood was named in 1923 as a daughter of Mary Carter Shreve O'Fallon.
Read from uncorrected OCR, not from the page image. She is known here only from her mother's obituary. Her mother has no record here, so no kinship record is made.
Evidence role: supports. The September 20, 1923 obituary of Mrs. Mary Carter Shreve O'Fallon.
Clarke Courier · 1923-09-20 (publication)
Locator: Page 4, obituary "Mrs. O'Fallon Dies at Her Home, Red Gate"
Relevant passageMrs. Mary Carter Shreve O'Fallon, widow of the late Benjamin O'Fallon, died at “Red Oate” [Red Gate], her home near Millwood on Thursday, September ISth. ... She is also survived hy the follow ling children: .Mrs. C. Hunt Turn jer of St. Louis, Miss Ethel Carter O'Fallon, of Millwood. Mr. Howard ! L O'Fallon, Mrs. Jas. H. Nolan, of Berryville, and three step children. ’ Mrs. Wm. F. Randolph, of "Athlone" 'Millwood
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: clarke-courier. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
AI-assisted source check (Claude Opus 5) · 2026-09-16. How this project checks its sources
The 2000 National Register nomination for the Millwood Colored School describes it as a relatively unaltered frame schoolhouse constructed around 1910 to serve the local African-American community, and files it as Virginia Department of Historic Resources number 021-0192-0008.
That the Millwood school the Clarke Courier's 1925 teacher list names had a building of about 1910 that was still standing, and largely unaltered, in 2000.
'Around 1910' is the nomination's hedge and is kept. The nomination's account of the school's closure and later use is not taken up in this record. The corpus entity this attaches to was built from a 1925 newspaper notice; the two agree on the school's existence and say nothing about each other.
Evidence role: supports. The nomination's description of the building.
Virginia Department of Historic Resources · 2000 (publication)
Locator: Section 7, narrative description
Relevant passageIt is a relatively unaltered frame schoolhouse constructed around 1910 to serve the local African-American community.
Checked: Page text reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: dhr-nominations. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
AI-assisted source check (Claude Opus 5) · 2026-09-21. How this project checks its sources
The Clarke Courier's list of teacher appointments for the 1925-26 school session, printed July 9, 1925, names Millwood Colored school with J. P. Rier as principal, followed by Louise Bannister and Clarissa Layton.
That the School Board's announced appointments for the 1925-26 session staffed a Millwood Colored school with three teachers, and that its entry is the only one of the seven colored schools on the list to name a principal.
Read from uncorrected OCR, not from the page image. The list records appointments announced in July, not who taught during the session, and it gives no location, building, grades or enrollment for the school; none is inferred. The same paper's schedule for the colored schools, printed October 15, 1925, again pairs Millwood with J. P. Rier. Nothing is recorded here about the three teachers beyond their names in these notices.
Evidence role: supports. The Millwood Colored entry in the colored-schools portion of the July 9, 1925 list.
Clarke Courier · 1925-07-09 (publication)
Locator: Printed page 1, teacher assignment list, colored schools
Relevant passageStone Bridge colored -- Ella F. Carter. Boyce Colored -- Alma Layton and Matilda Herbert. Millwood Colored -- J. P Rier, Prin., Louise Bannister and Clarissa Layton. White Post Colored -- Estelle Mitchell and Margaretta Richarson. Josephine colored school -- E T. Johnson, Fannie Jenkins, Florine Johnson. Louisville colored -- Emma E. Alexander. Bristol colored -- George W. Carter.
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: clarke-courier. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
Evidence role: contextualizes. The headline and opening of the same list: the School Board's appointments for the 1925-26 session.
Clarke Courier · 1925-07-09 (publication)
Locator: Printed page 1, teacher assignment list, headline and opening
Relevant passageFILL POSITIONS COUNTY SCHOOLS. Teachers Named for All Schools and Grades -- New Boyce Principal. Appointments of teachers for the various schols [schools] of the County for the session of 1925-26 have been announced by Dr. C. O. Dearmont, chairman of the School Board, as listed by the Division Superintendent, Mr. Leslie D. Kline. The places are to be filled as follows:
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: clarke-courier. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
Evidence role: contextualizes. The October 15, 1925 schedule, which again names J. P. Rier for Millwood.
Clarke Courier · 1925-10-15 (publication)
Locator: Printed page 1, item headed Schools See Health Movies, schedule for the colored schools
Relevant passageIt has also been learned that the local arrangement at each place will be under the direction of the principal of each school at that place. ... Schedule for colored Schools in Clarke Cqunty [County] will be as follows: November 2 -- Berryville, E. T. Johnson. November 3 -- Millwood, J. P. Rier. November 4 -- Boyce, Irene Layton. November 5 -- White Post, Emma E. Alexander. November 6 -- Louisville, Estelle Mitchell.
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: clarke-courier. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
AI-assisted source check (Claude Opus 5) · 2026-09-14. How this project checks its sources
The Clarke Courier's list of teacher appointments for the 1925-26 session, printed July 9, 1925, names J. P. Rier as principal of the Millwood colored school, and the Courier of October 15, 1925, reporting that the local arrangements for showings of public health pictures would be under the direction of the principal of each school, names him for Millwood on November 3 in its schedule for the colored schools.
That J. P. Rier was named principal of the Millwood colored school for the 1925-26 session, and was to direct the local arrangements for its public health showing that November.
Read from uncorrected OCR, not from the page image. The list records appointments announced for the session, not who taught during it. The schedule names places, not schools, and gives no titles; that the people named were to direct the local arrangements follows from the item's statement about each school's principal. Whether the showing took place is not reported here. Millwood in the schedule for the colored schools is read as the Millwood colored school, whose principal the July list names as Rier.
Evidence role: supports. The entries for the colored schools in the July 9, 1925 list.
Clarke Courier · 1925-07-09 (publication)
Locator: Printed page 1, teacher assignment list, colored schools
Relevant passageStone Bridge colored -- Ella F. Carter. Boyce Colored -- Alma Layton and Matilda Herbert. Millwood Colored -- J. P Rier, Prin., Louise Bannister and Clarissa Layton. White Post Colored -- Estelle Mitchell and Margaretta Richarson. Josephine colored school -- E T. Johnson, Fannie Jenkins, Florine Johnson. Louisville colored -- Emma E. Alexander. Bristol colored -- George W. Carter.
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: clarke-courier. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
Evidence role: contextualizes. The headline and opening of the same list: the School Board's appointments for the 1925-26 session.
Clarke Courier · 1925-07-09 (publication)
Locator: Printed page 1, teacher assignment list, headline and opening
Relevant passageFILL POSITIONS COUNTY SCHOOLS. Teachers Named for All Schools and Grades -- New Boyce Principal. Appointments of teachers for the various schols [schools] of the County for the session of 1925-26 have been announced by Dr. C. O. Dearmont, chairman of the School Board, as listed by the Division Superintendent, Mr. Leslie D. Kline. The places are to be filled as follows:
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: clarke-courier. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
Evidence role: supports. The October 15, 1925 schedule for the colored schools, with the item's statement about the principals.
Clarke Courier · 1925-10-15 (publication)
Locator: Printed page 1, item headed Schools See Health Movies, schedule for the colored schools
Relevant passageIt has also been learned that the local arrangement at each place will be under the direction of the principal of each school at that place. ... Schedule for colored Schools in Clarke Cqunty [County] will be as follows: November 2 -- Berryville, E. T. Johnson. November 3 -- Millwood, J. P. Rier. November 4 -- Boyce, Irene Layton. November 5 -- White Post, Emma E. Alexander. November 6 -- Louisville, Estelle Mitchell.
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: clarke-courier. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
AI-assisted source check (Claude Opus 5) · 2026-09-14. How this project checks its sources
The Clarke County School League committee printed in August 1927 lists a named representative for each of seven Clarke County communities: Berryville, Boyce, Louisville, Millwood, Stone Bridge, Webbtown and White Post.
That the League organised itself by community with one named person for each, and that Stone Bridge and Webbtown were treated as Clarke County communities with their own representatives.
A committee list. It does not establish that these were the only communities involved, nor anything about the size, boundaries or location of any of them. No coordinates are claimed for Stone Bridge or Webbtown, and neither has been located on any map.
Evidence role: supports. The committee list within the same announcement, community by community.
G. L. D. Harris, editor · 1927-08-01 (publication)
Locator: Page 2, announcement and committee list
Relevant passageCLARKE COUNTY FALL MEET AT BOYCE, VA. FRIDAY, SEP. 16, 1927. In Mr. R. P. Page's Woods. This Basket Picnic is under the auspices of the Clarke County School League; and the League will spare no pains to make this one of most enjoyable functions of Vacation Season. Contests and Field Sports, Baseball Contest a Specialty. COMMITTEE: Rev. E. T. Johnson, President, Mr. Jacob Jackson, Berryville, Miss Hannah Randolph, Boyce, Mr. Geo. Edwards, Louisville, Mr. DeRoy Layton, Millwood, Mr. Jno. Togging [Toggins], Stone Bridge, Mr. Geo. Carter, Webbtown, Mr. Edward Crittenden, White Post, Mrs. Alma B. Layton, Sec'ty.
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: peoples-journal. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
AI-assisted source check (Claude Opus 5) · 2026-09-08. How this project checks its sources
The Clarke Courier's list of teacher appointments for the 1925-26 session, printed July 9, 1925, names Miss Gladys Jenkins as one of the two teachers of the Millwood school, which the list gives apart from the Millwood colored school.
That Gladys Jenkins was named a teacher at the Millwood school for the 1925-26 session.
Read from uncorrected OCR, not from the page image. The list records appointments announced for the session, not who taught during it. The OCR garbles the name of the second teacher, who is not recorded here. No relationship to Lola Jenkins, named for Oak Grove in the same list, is assumed. The list gives the school only as Millwood; no record for the school is linked.
Evidence role: supports. The entries for Millwood, Providence Chapel, Bethel and Kinderhook in the July 9, 1925 list.
Clarke Courier · 1925-07-09 (publication)
Locator: Page 1, teacher assignment list, Millwood, Providence Chapel, Bethel and Kinderhook
Relevant passageMillwood -- Miss Gladys Jenkins ... Providence Chapel -- Mrs. C. Agnes Miller. Bethel -- Miss Edna Grim. Kinderhook -- Miss Eunice Carper.
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: clarke-courier. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
Evidence role: contextualizes. The headline and opening of the same list: the School Board's appointments for the 1925-26 session.
Clarke Courier · 1925-07-09 (publication)
Locator: Printed page 1, teacher assignment list, headline and opening
Relevant passageFILL POSITIONS COUNTY SCHOOLS. Teachers Named for All Schools and Grades -- New Boyce Principal. Appointments of teachers for the various schols [schools] of the County for the session of 1925-26 have been announced by Dr. C. O. Dearmont, chairman of the School Board, as listed by the Division Superintendent, Mr. Leslie D. Kline. The places are to be filled as follows:
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: clarke-courier. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
AI-assisted source check (Claude Opus 5) · 2026-09-14. How this project checks its sources
The Clarke Courier of October 20, 1921 prints a letter from Millwood, signed "Anonymous," correcting an earlier report: Miss Elizabeth Houghton had charge of the higher grades of the Millwood school, the position she had held for the past two years.
That Elizabeth Houghton taught the higher grades at the Millwood school in 1921, and, by the letter, for the two years before.
Read from uncorrected OCR, not from the page image. The letter is unsigned. The earlier report it corrects was not read.
Evidence role: supports. The October 20, 1921 letter.
Clarke Courier · 1921-10-20 (publication)
Locator: Page 1, letter "Miss Houghton Is Teacher at Millwood"
Relevant passageMISS HOI GHTOX [HOUGHTON] IS TEACHER AT MILLWOOD Millwood. Oct. 11—Hditor [Editor] Clarke Courier:—Please correct the mistake in regard to Millwood school. Miss Elizabeth Houghton, not llauptranu has charge of the higher grades, the same position she has held for the past two years
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: clarke-courier. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
AI-assisted source check (Claude Opus 5) · 2026-09-16. How this project checks its sources
The Clarke Courier of January 13, 1921 prints a tribute to the late Joseph C. Jones of Millwood, who died January 4 at the home of A. B. Bevan. It reports that he was 47, a son of the late Rev. Joseph R. Jones, for years rector of Cunningham Parish, and of Courtney Byrd Jones, that he was born at Millwood, and that he had at one time conducted a drug store there.
That Joseph C. Jones of Millwood, who had kept a drug store there, died on January 4, 1921, aged 47.
Read from uncorrected OCR, not from the page image. The year of birth is garbled in the OCR. The tribute is signed only "A Friend," and its praise is the writer's own. His parents have no records here.
Evidence role: supports. The January 13, 1921 tribute.
Clarke Courier · 1921-01-13 (publication)
Locator: Page 1, tribute to the late Joseph C. Jones
Relevant passageThe, Courier has received the fol owing [following] tribute to the late Joseph C. rones [Jones], of Millwood, who died Jnnua y [January] 4, at the home of Mr. A. B. Bevan
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: clarke-courier. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
Evidence role: supports. Its account of his life.
Clarke Courier · 1921-01-13 (publication)
Locator: Page 1, tribute to the late Joseph C. Jones, continued
Relevant passageMr. Jones ~was 47 years old. He was a son of the late Rev. Joseph R ones [Jones], who was for years,lector [rector] of ’unningham [Cunningham] Parish, and"' Courtney Byrd Jones, of Clarke jdountv [county]. He was born at Millwoodf In 1SV3. . At me [one] time he conducted a drug store it [at] Millwood
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: clarke-courier. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
AI-assisted source check (Claude Opus 5) · 2026-09-16. How this project checks its sources
The Clarke Courier of December 20, 1923 reports that P. C. Randolph of Millwood, one of the county's most successful poultrymen, had been making experiments with Wyandottes in comparison with White Leghorns.
That P. C. Randolph of Millwood was a poultryman testing Wyandottes against White Leghorns in 1923.
Read from uncorrected OCR, not from the page image. The headline prints his initials "P. G."; the text gives "P. C." He is not linked to Percy Carrington Randolph or any other Randolph, since the item gives only initials.
Evidence role: supports. The December 20, 1923 report.
Clarke Courier · 1923-12-20 (publication)
Locator: Page 1, report "Mr. P. C. Randolph Tries Other Chicks"
Relevant passageMr. P. C. Randolph, of Millwood, one of the county’s most successful poultrymen, has recently beer, mak ing experiments with Wyndottes in comparison with White Leghor
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: clarke-courier. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
AI-assisted source check (Claude Opus 5) · 2026-09-16. How this project checks its sources
The Clarke Courier of February 23, 1922 reports that Judge William M. Struder of Millwood, for years a justice of the peace of Chapel District, became a bridegroom the Saturday afternoon before, marrying Miss Carrie Mae Zombro, 22, of Greencastle, Pennsylvania, at the Methodist Church parsonage. Patricia B. Duncan's abstract of the Clarke County marriage register has an entry for the marriage of Wm. M. Struder, 75, widower, apiarist, of Millwood, to Carrie Mae Zombro at Berryville on February 18, 1922; that it records this marriage is a proposal resting on the names, ages, date and officiant.
That William M. Struder of Millwood, a former justice of the peace, married Carrie Mae Zombro at Berryville on February 18, 1922.
Read from uncorrected OCR, not from the page image. The Courier prints the surname "Strader" once in the body and "Struder" in the headline and elsewhere; the register abstract gives "Struder." The record is named from the majority reading, with the other kept as an alias. The item does not say whether he still held office. The register entry is cited, not merged. The bride has no record here.
Evidence role: supports. The February 23, 1922 item.
Clarke Courier · 1922-02-23 (publication)
Locator: Page 4, item "Justice Struder, 75, Takes Bride of 22"
Relevant passageJUSTICE STRUDER, IS, TAKES BRIDE OF 22 ... ^udge [Judge] William M. Strader, of» dtllwood [Millwood], for years a Justice of he [the] Peace of Qtapel [Chapel] District ... became lappy [a happy] bridegroom Saturday, af ernoon [afternoon]. The bride, who is 22 ■ears [years] old, was Miss Carrie Mae: 'oinbro [Zombro], of Greencastle, Pa. The narriage [marriage] ceremony was perform-i d at the Methodist Church par-1 onage by Rev.W. H. Ballengcc.
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: clarke-courier. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
Evidence role: contextualizes. Duncan's register entry for the marriage of Wm. M. Struder and Carrie Mae Zombro, February 18, 1922, cited as a second record; the match is a proposal.
Patricia B. Duncan · 2009 (publication)
Locator: Page 154, register entry for the marriage of Wm. M. Struder and Carrie Mae Zombro
Relevant passageSTRUDER. Wm. M . s/o Maurice & Margaret STRUDER: 75y: wid; apiarist b. Nelson Co. Va res. Millwood: m. 18 Feb 1922 at Berryville to ZOMBRO. Carrie Mae d/o Thomas Nelson & Cora Belle ZOMBRO 22y, sgl: b & res. Greencastle Pa;
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: duncan-clarke-marriages. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
AI-assisted source check (Claude Opus 5) · 2026-09-16. How this project checks its sources
On its tax year 2020 Form 990, filed November 12, 2021, the organization stated that the landmarks donated to it include “THE CARTER HALL ESTATE AND MULTIPLE HISTORICAL BUILDINGS IN MILLWOOD, VIRGINIA,” that “THE FOUNDATION HAS ITS HEADQUARTERS LOCATED ON THIS LAND,” and that it “ALSO USES THE PROPERTY TO PROVIDE A CONFERENCE CENTER.”
That the organization itself, in a return filed under EIN 53-0242962, described Carter Hall as its headquarters and as a conference property. The link between the organization and the place therefore rests on the filer's own statement rather than on matching names between two systems.
This is the organization's account of itself in a filed return, not an independent observation. Schedule D Part III line 4 is a description, and the return does not say whether it speaks to the tax year or to the filing date. It gives no start date, no end date, and no statement about who held title. It describes the estate as donated but does not say by whom or when.
Evidence role: supports. The filer's own Schedule D passage. This is the load-bearing link between the organization and the property.
Project HOPE - The People-to-People Health Foundation, Inc. (filer); Internal Revenue Service (publisher) · 2021-11-12 (filing)
Locator: Schedule D, supplemental information, form-and-line reference "PART III, LINE 4:"
Relevant passageHISTORICAL LANDMARKS AND COLLECTIONS DONATED TO PROJECT HOPE INCLUDING THE CARTER HALL ESTATE AND MULTIPLE HISTORICAL BUILDINGS IN MILLWOOD, VIRGINIA. THE BUILDINGS ARE LOCATED ON A LARGE PIECE OF LAND AND THE FOUNDATION HAS ITS HEADQUARTERS LOCATED ON THIS LAND. PROJECT HOPE ALSO USES THE PROPERTY TO PROVIDE A CONFERENCE CENTER.
Checked: Page text reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: irs-filings-530242962. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
AI-assisted source check (Claude Opus 5) · 2026-09-11. How this project checks its sources
The Clarke Courier's teacher assignment list of 9 July 1925 names seven Black schools in Clarke County -- Stone Bridge, Boyce, Millwood, White Post, Josephine, Louisville and Bristol -- with thirteen named teachers between them.
The Clarke Courier's teacher assignment list of 9 July 1925 names seven Black schools in Clarke County -- Stone Bridge, Boyce, Millwood, White Post, Josephine, Louisville and Bristol -- with thirteen named teachers between them.
A county-wide list of Black schools operating in the 1925-26 school year, published by the white county paper, which extends the school map the People's Journal rosters of 1912 and 1924 provide and which names Millwood Colored as having a principal and two assistants.
The quoted passage is the tail of a longer county list, so it establishes which Black schools the list names and not that these were all of them. The Courier's 'Bristol colored' and the People's Journal's 'Bristow' are similar but their identity is NOT established here and no entity merges them. The Louisville teacher differs between the two papers -- Pattie Smith in October 1924, Emma E. Alexander in July 1925 -- which may be a change of teacher, a different school year, or incomplete reporting; nothing here decides. No coordinates, buildings, or races of individuals are inferred beyond the source's own 'colored' designations.
Evidence role: supports. The colored-schools portion of the 9 July 1925 teacher assignment list.
Clarke Courier · 1925-07-09 (publication)
Locator: Printed page 1, teacher assignment list, colored schools
Relevant passageStone Bridge colored -- Ella F. Carter. Boyce Colored -- Alma Layton and Matilda Herbert. Millwood Colored -- J. P Rier, Prin., Louise Bannister and Clarissa Layton. White Post Colored -- Estelle Mitchell and Margaretta Richarson. Josephine colored school -- E T. Johnson, Fannie Jenkins, Florine Johnson. Louisville colored -- Emma E. Alexander. Bristol colored -- George W. Carter.
Checked: Existing OCR reviewed. Original image not independently inspected.
Open sourceSource family: clarke-courier. Multiple passages from one source are not independent witnesses.
AI-assisted source check (Claude Opus 5) · 2026-09-08. How this project checks its sources
Know something about this place or record? Help fill a gap. It stays private until it is reviewed.
The Clarke Courier called it the County League of Negro schools. The People's Journal called it the Clarke County School League. It had $28 when it started and $1,265.95 eleven months later.
What the evidence says Two independent newspapers. Four identifications, each marked as ours.
A boundary nobody could locate produced two land offices with opposite instructions. What grew up behind them was a county with two halves, and a century later the people in the eastern half asked to be a county of their own.
What the evidence says A settlement history drawn from one historian, set beside the printed arguments of the people who asked for the county.
On a Wednesday night in September 1869 four people were walking the turnpike between Millwood and Berryville. The Clarke Courier named two of them. One of those two did not reach the end of the road. By the end of October the same paper had reported an indictment against the other, and an attempt to arrest him that failed.
What the evidence says Three inspected newspaper items in two issues. A killing reported, an indictment reported, an arrest attempt that failed, two people never named, and no trial or outcome in any of them.
In 1877 a turnpike company called its stockholders to meet at John Sprint's Hotel in Millwood, and by 1882 J. W. Sprint & Son was advertising phosphates at Boyce. A will B. F. Humston signed in 1902 provided the Bellview farm to his daughter, Mamie R. Sprint, for life; it was admitted to record in 1904. Her son J. Ashby Sprint acquired orchard property, exported apples and leased land under a packing house at White Post. The records trace Mamie's family and Ashby's trade, while leaving the hotel's John Sprint and the firm's partners incompletely identified.
What the evidence says Humston's recorded will gives Mamie R. Sprint the Bellview farm for life. Courier notices place a Sprint packing house at Boyce and a leased packing-house site at White Post, but none names who ran the Boyce house, and the 1936 sale was advertised, not shown to be completed.
On April 1, 1965, two armed men robbed the Boyce branch of the Bank of Clarke County. A customer's pencil-written license number, relayed to state police, led a trooper to stop the getaway car within the half hour. The account that follows is built entirely from the Winchester Evening Star's contemporary reporting and one conflicting reprint on the money recovered; a fourth defendant's final result is not established in the reports reviewed for this account.
What the evidence says Eight Winchester Evening Star issues from April through September 1965, plus one modern reprint of a ninth, conflicting April 8, 1965 account. None of the nine items was read directly by the editors who wrote this account.
In April 1865 Union Major-General Winfield S. Hancock sought Colonel John S. Mosby’s surrender on the terms given Lee. Two Confederate memoirs, published decades apart, describe negotiations at Millwood that ended without it.
What the evidence says Two retrospective memoirs, decades apart, telling a closely similar story.
A single 2000 National Register nomination, the Millwood Colored School form, is the source for nearly everything here: a Black teacher named in an 1868 report, a free school at Millwood in 1869, a teacher appointed in 1873 and the Courier's own comment on it, county school counts for 1871 to 1888, and an 1888 school lot. Each reaches us through the nomination, not the papers, reports and deed it describes.
What the evidence says One 2000 nomination, read for what it quotes and paraphrases from sources this account has not seen.
In 1918 Clarke's churches hung service flags with a star for each of their men. Grace Church in Berryville sent its rector to France as a chaplain and mourned Capt. Lloyd W. Williams, the first Clarke man to die in the war; Christ Church at Millwood received an altar from a mother whose two sons came home. The Clarke Courier reported it week by week, and in 1927 the Virginia War History Commission printed the churches' own lists of their men.
What the evidence says Ten Clarke Courier items of 1918 to 1921, read on the Library of Congress page images, and the Virginia War History Commission's 1927 history of the county, read on the HathiTrust page images, describe the churches of Berryville and Millwood in the First World War.
Many Clarke men spent part of the war in Northern prison camps. Their death notices in the Clarke Courier, written decades later, kept their stories: a fifteen-year-old cavalryman held five months at Fort Delaware, a color-bearer who traded his whiskey ration for bread at Elmira and swam a river to get home, and a farmer released because his wife had nursed a wounded Union soldier back to health in her garret.
What the evidence says Eight Clarke Courier notices and letters of 1900 to 1923, read on the Library of Congress page images, tell what the county remembered of its Confederate soldiers held in Northern prisons.
When five Clarke Confederates died between 1883 and 1924, the Clarke Courier remembered them as boys when they went to war: Isaac Bonham at 16 with the first volunteers, Burwell McGuire "in his 'teens," Charles T. Jones at 17, W. W. Bowles at 16, and William E. Reed "scarcely more than a boy." The ages are the papers' own, written years later.
What the evidence says Five Clarke Courier death notices of 1883 to 1924, read on the Library of Congress page images, each say the man went to war young.
Five Clarke County Confederate soldiers came home wounded, and their death notices in the Clarke Courier still remembered it decades later: a man hit at the first battle of Manassas who never fully recovered, a cavalryman crippled in the arm on the same day, and wounds from Kernstown, Brandy Station and Gettysburg.
What the evidence says Five Clarke Courier death notices of 1899 to 1914, read on the Library of Congress page images, name the battle where each man was wounded and what the wound cost him.
